MILITARY MANAGEMENT QUARTERLY

MILITARY MANAGEMENT QUARTERLY

Cognitive readiness model in modern military operations

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors
1 AJA COMMAND AND STAFF UNIVERSITY/TEHRAN/IRAN
2 AJA Command and Staff University, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
The current research was conducted with the aim of providing cognitive readiness in modern military operations. This research is mixed in terms of purpose, application and its approach in data collection and analysis. In the qualitative part of the content analysis, by coding the dimensions, components and indicators that make up the cognitive preparation of modern military operations, the initial model was completed and modified based on the opinions of 8 experts. The statistical population in the quantitative part was 55 experts who were familiar with military and cognitive sciences with the specifications and characteristics in mind. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze quantitative data, and factor analysis method and SmartPLS software were used to evaluate the fit of the conceptual model. The results of the qualitative part of the research showed that the concept of cognitive readiness includes three dimensions; Identifying existing patterns, providing solutions related to these patterns and implementing operational plans based on these solutions with 12 components; It is memory, automaticity, resilience, decision making, problem solving, critical thinking, metacognition, creative thinking, communication, situational awareness, adaptive expertise and adaptability. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis showed that the components of cognitive readiness in modern military operations have a factor load and a significant effect on the relevant structures, and the data obtained from this research fit well with the factor structure of this scale.
Keywords
Subjects

  •  
  • Anastassi, A. & Urbina, S. (1997). Psychological testing. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Simon & Schuster.
  • Banks, D. Bader, P. K. Fleming, P. J. Zaccaro, S. J. & Barber, H. F. (2001). Leader adaptability:The role of work experiences and individual differences. Paper presented at the 16th Annual Conference of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, San Diego, CA.
  • Baron, Robert A. (2004). The cognitive perspective: A valuable tool for answering entrepreneurship’s basic “why” questions. Journal of Business Venturing 19: 221–39.
  • Bar-Tal, Y. Raviv, A. & Spitzer, A. (1999). The need and ability to achieve cognitive structure ing:Individual differences that moderate the effect of stress on information processing.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 33–51.
  • Bennis, Warren; Nanus, Burt.(1985). Leaders: Strategies for Taking Charge.
  • Bolstad, C. A. Cuevas, H. M. Babbitt, B. A. Semple, C. A. & Vestewig, R. E. (2006). Predicting cognitive readiness of military health teams. Paper presented at the International Ergonomics Association 16th World Congress, Maastricht, Netherlands.
  • Bollen, K. A. & Stine, R. A. (1992). Bootstrapping Goodness-of-Fit Measures in Structural Equation Models. Sociological Methods & Research, 21(2): 205-229.
  • Branscome, T. A. & Grynovicki, J. O. (2007). An investigation of factors affecting multi-task performance in an immersive environment (ARL-TR-4325). Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Human Research and Enginnering Directorate.
  • Bodenhausen, Galen V. Peery, Destiny. (2009). "Social Categorization and Stereotyping In vivo: The VUCA Challenge". Social and Personality Psychology Compass. 3 (2): 133–151. doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2009.00167.x. ISSN 1751-9004.
  • Cosenzo, K. A. Fatkin, L. T. & Patton, D. J. (2007). Ready or not: Enhancing operational effectiveness through use of readiness measures. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, 78(5), B96–B106.
  • Crameri, L. Hettiarachchi, I. & Hanoun, S. (2021). A review of individual operational cognitive readiness: theory development and future directions. Human Factors, 63(1), 66.
  • Dijkstra, T. K. and Henseler, J. (2015). Consistent and Asymptotically Normal PLS Estimators for Linear Structural Equations, Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, 81(1): 10-23.
  • Etter, D. M. Foster, R. E. & Steele, T. P. (2000). Cognitive readiness and advanced distributed learning. Crosstalk: The Journal of Defense Software Engineering, 13, 5-6.
  • Endsley, M. R. (1995). Toward a theory of situation awareness in dynamic systems. Human Factors, 37, 32–64.
  • Etter, D. M. Foster, R. E. & Steele, T. P. (2000). Cognitive readiness and advanced distributed learning. Crosstalk: The Journal of Defense Software Engineering, 13.
  • Fletcher, J. D. (2004). Cognitive readiness: Preparing for the unexpected (D-3601). Alexandria,VA: Institute for Defense Analyses.
  • Fletcher, J.D. (2006). Cognitive Readiness: Preparing for the Unexpected. (D- 3601). Alexandria, VA: Institute for Defense Analyses.
  • Fletcher, J. D. & Wind, A. P. (2014). The evolving definition of cognitive readiness for military operations. In Teaching and measuring cognitive readiness (pp. 25-52). Springer, Boston, MA.
  • Grier, R.A. (In Review).(2012) Military cognitive readiness at the operational and strategic levels: A theoretical model for measurement development. Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making.
  • Hair, J. F. Hult, G. T. M. Ringle, C. M. & Sarstedt, M. (2022). A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) (۳ ed). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • G. James, (2020), The Fundamentals of Military Readiness, Congressional Research Service, retrieved from:https://crsreports.congress.gov.
  • Henseler, J. Dijkstra, T. K. Sarstedt, M. Ringle, C. M. Diamantopoulos, A. Straub, D. W. Ketchen, D. J. Hair, J. F. Hult, G. T. M. and Calantone, R. J. 2014. Common Beliefs and Reality about Partial Least Squares: Comments on Rönkkö & Evermann (2013), Organizational Research Methods, 17(2): 182-209.
  • Hong, E. & Milgram, R. M. (2008a). Preventing talent loss. New York: Routledge.
  • Mayer, R. E. (2014). What problem solvers know: Cognitive readiness for adaptive problem solving. In Teaching and measuring cognitive readiness (pp. 149-160). Springer, Boston, MA.
  • Morrison, J. E. & Fletcher, J. D. (2002). Cognitive readiness (P-3735). Alexandria, VA: Institute for Defense Analyses.Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College.
  • O’Neil, Pere,& Baker. (2014.), Teaching and Measuring Cognitive Readiness, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-7579-8_1, © Springer Science+Business Media New York.
  • Perez, R. S. & Baker, E. L. (2014). Teaching and measuring cognitive readiness. H. F. O'Neil (Ed). New York, NY: Springer.
  • Richard Betts, (1995) Military Readiness: Concepts, Choices, and onsequences, (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press), pp. 40 and 42.
  • Satish, Usha and Siegfried Streufert. (2006). "Strategic Management Simulations to Prepare for VUCAD Terrorism". Journal of Homeland Security. Archived from the original on 2011-06-08. Retrieved 2008-10-29.
  • Schick, Axel; Hobson, Peter R. Ibisch, Pierre L. (2017). "Conservation and sustainable development in a VUCA world: the need for a systemic and ecosystem‐based approach". Ecosystem Health and Sustainability. 3 (4): e01267. doi:10.1002/ehs2.1267. ISSN 2332.
  • Schuberth, F. Rademaker, M. E. & Henseler, J. (2022). Assessing the Overall Fit of Composite Models Estimated by Partial Least Squares Path Modeling. European Journal of Marketing, forthcoming.
  • Sternberg, R. J. & The Rainbow Project Collaborators. (2006). The Rainbow Project: EnhancIng the SAT through assessments of analytical, practical, and creative skills. Intelligence,34, 321–350. doi:10.1016/j.intell.2006.01.002.
  • Tversky, Amos. Kahneman,Daniel.(1974). Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases،Science, New Series, Vol. 185, No. 4157. (Sep. 27, 1974).
  • S. Army Heritage and Education Center.(2018). "Who first originated the term VUCA (Volatility, Uncertainty, Complexity and Ambiguity)? USAHEC Ask Us a Question. The United States Army War College.
  • Walsh, W.J. & Shingledecker, C. (2006). An Analysis of a Joint and Expeditionary Mindset. (2007-05). Arlington, VA: United States Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences.